War & Peace

ستارمر يربط الترسانة النووية البريطانية بواشنطن إلى الأبد

حصري: الترسانة النووية البريطانية اليوم ستعتمد إلى الأبد على علماء الجيش الأمريكي إثر إعادة صياغة سرية لمعاهدة عابرة للأطلسي
قام حزب العمال بتقوية صلاته مع الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عن طريق ربط ترسانة بريطانيا النووية بالولايات المتحدة بشكل دائم. وقد تم تعديل اتفاقية الدفاع المتبادل (MDA) بحذف سلطة البرلمان في الإشراف ومناقشة السياسات الدفاعية والأجنبية المتعلقة بالبرنامج النووي.

عزز حزب العمال “العلاقة المميزة” التي تجمعه مع واشنطن عن طريق الموافقة على جعل الترسانة النووية البريطانية دائمة الاعتماد على الولايات المتحدة.

وفي واحدة من أولى مناورات حزب العمال في السياسة الخارجية بحيث تجنبت لفت الأنظار إليها، قام الحزب بتعديل اتفاقية الدفاع المتبادل (MDA) الموقعة عام 1958 في عهد الرئيس آيزنهاور ذات الأهمية الكبرى لنظام ترايدنت الصاروخي النووي البريطاني.

وحذف المسؤولون الحكوميون بندًا راسخًا في الاتفاقية يتعلق بصلاحية العمل بها ينص على تجديدها كل عشر سنوات. 

كما حُذفت كذلك كل الإشارات إلى "تاريخ الإنتهاء" مما يجعل "العمل بمجمل الاتفاقية مستمرًا ويضمن استمرار التعاون مع الولايات المتحدة" بحسب ما ورد في مذكرة وقع عليها وزير الدفاع جون هايلي.

وقد صرحت كايت هادسن من حملة نزع السلاح النووي (CND) إلى ديكلاسيفايد: "هذا يعني ضياع حتى بصيص الأمل بعودة سلطة البرلمان على سياسات بريطانيا الدفاعية والأجنبية." 

وأضافت بأنه على الأقل كانت هناك فرصة شكلية للبرلمان مرة كل عقد أن يناقش ويعيد النظر في الدور الأمريكي في البرنامج النووي البريطاني.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             

"هذا التعديل الذي مررته الحكومة بشكل لا يمت للديموقراطية بصلة أثناء انشغال البرلمان بالاستراحات والمؤتمرات الحزبية سيقضي تمامًا على تلك الفرص. لا يجب أن يمر هذا التعديل دون اعتراض."

وقد تمت الموافقة على هذا التعديل بواسطة مسؤولين بريطانيين وأمريكيين رفيعي المستوى في 25 يوليو، بعد ثلاثة أسابيع من تولي كير ستارمر منصب رئيس الوزراء البريطاني.

ويأتي هذا التعديل في الوقت الذي يصف فيه سترامر الترسانة النووية البريطانية كونها "حجر الأساس" الدفاعي للبلاد في خضم مخاوف من تهديدات محتملة يتعرض لها مستقبل اتفاقية الدفاع المتبادل (MDA) حال فوز دونالد ترمب في الانتخابات الرئاسية المقبلة.

وأثناء زيارة لواشنطن قبل فترة وجيزة من الانتخابات العامة، صرّح ديفيد لامي الذي يشغل الآن منصب وزير الخارجية لأحد المراكز الفكرية اليمينية بأن حزب العمال: "سيعمل دومًا مع الولايات المتحدة مهما كانت الظروف..."

تُمكن اتفاقية الدفاع المتبادل الولايات المتحدة بتزويد بريطانيا بالمواد والمعلومات اللازمة للأسلحة النووية والتي لا يمكن لنظام ترايدنت العمل بدونها. 

وهذا يتعارض مع ادعاءات وزير الدفاع بشكل يصل إلى التكذيب بأنّ ترسانة الغواصات البريطانية النووية هي “مستقلة التشغيل”.  

الزبون الأمريكي

صواريخ ترايدنت هي في الأصل سلعة أمريكية، وقد توصل تقرير مشترك بين الأحزاب إلى أنّ عمر القدرة النووية البريطانية بدون الدعم الأمريكي لن يتجاوز بضعة أشهر.

وقد ألمح كذلك رؤساء أمريكيون إلى هذا الاعتماد، كما فعل جورج دبليو بوش في عام 2005 بقوله بأن الولايات المتحدة ساعدت بريطانيا في الحفاظ على "قوة نووية موثوقة".

باراك أوباما أيضًا صرح بأن من مصلحة أمريكا مواصلة مساعدة بريطانيا "في الحفاظ على قوة نووية موثوقة ورادعة" عند تجديد الاتفاقية قبل عشرة أعوام.

وبحسب  تقرير نشرته ديكلاسيفايد مؤخرًا، تقطع الطائرات العسكرية البريطانية بشكل دوري المحيط الأطلسي حاملة مكونات إشعاعية توفرها لها الولايات المتحدة. هذه المكونات حيوية بشكل قاطع لنظام صواريخ ترايدنت. 

وقد ورد في المذكرة التي وقعها هايلي ما يلي نصه: "توفر اتفاقية الدفاع المتبادل المتطلبات الضرورية للتحكم في تكنولوجيا الدفع النووي للغواصات وتبادل المعلومات والمواد النووية بين المملكة المتحدة والولايات المتحدة، ونقل المكونات الغير نووية إلى المملكة المتحدة."

وتواصل المذكرة موردة: "تعزز اتفاقية الدفاع المتبادل علاقة الدفاع النووي التي تجمع المملكة المتحدة مع الولايات المتحدة."

فوق الديموقراطية

تضيف المذكرة بأنّ التعديل لا يتطلب أي تغيير في القانون. وعلى الرغم من أن الاتفاقية مدرجة في القانون الأمريكي، إلا أنها لا تملك أساسًا قانونيًا مشابهًا في المملكة المتحدة. 

وما يثير الدهشة هو أنه بالرغم من أهميتها الكبرى، لم تكن الاتفاقية مطلقًا موضع جدل جوهري في البرلمان.

وتصف الحكومة اتفاقية الدفاع المتبادل كغطاء لتبادل المعلومات بخصوص "التقنية النووية الحساسة" لتطوير "الخطط الدفاعية" و"التطبيقات العسكرية للطاقة النووية".

وهناك جوانب أخرى تشمل تقييم "إمكانيات الأعداء المحتملين في استخدام الأسلحة الذرية".

وتتعلق الاتفاقية أيضًا ببيع "محطات الدفع النووي البحرية" ونقل مواد مثل اليورانيوم المخصب (U-235). 

لكن لطالما امتنعت الحكومات عن الإفصاح عن كمية المواد النووية التي قدمتها الولايات المتحدة إلى مؤسسة الأسلحة الذرية في ألدرماستون ومصنع الرؤوس الحربية المجاور في بورجفيلد لاستخدامها في الرؤوس النووية البريطانية، وكذلك عن أي معلومات تتعلق بتكلفتها. 

ويُرجّح بأن تكون الكمية معتبرة. وقد تم تبادل ما يقارب 1000 مكون غير نووي لأنظمة الأسلحة الذرية بين الولايات المتحدة والمملكة المتحدة منذ عام 2020 حتى عام 2023 بموجب اتفاقية الدفاع المتبادل، بحسب بحث جديد أجرته خدمة المعلومات النووية.

وقالت المتحدثة باسم وزارة الدفاع بأن إزالة بند تجديد الاتفاقية كل عشر سنوات قد تقررت "نظرًا لطبيعة هذه الاتفاقية طويلة الأمد". وأضافت بأن جعل العمل بمجمل اتفاقية الدفاع المتبادل "دائمًا" ليس خارجًا عن المألوف بل كان "تقليدًا لاتفاقيات دولية أخرى مشابهة."

ويعلق بيتر بيرت من منظمة نيوك واتش المملكة المتحدة التي تراقب برنامج الأسلحة النووية البريطاني بقوله: "كل من تقلد منصب رئيس الوزراء في المملكة المتحدة منذ الحرب العالمية الثانية يرتعد من فكرة تأثر علاقته مع الولايات المتحدة، وجزء كبير من هذا القلق يرتكز على محور الوصول إلى تكنولوجيا الأسلحة النووية والذكاء العسكري."

"هذا هو السبب الرئيسي وراء سعي حكومة المملكة المتحدة المستمر لموافقة سياساتها مع السياسة الخارجية الأمريكية والسماح لنفسها بالانقياد وراء التقدم العسكري الأمريكي، حتى وإن كان من الواضح أن الانسياق وراء أمريكا ليس من مصلحة هذه البلاد."

ريتشارد هو محرر وصحفي وكاتب مسرحي، وهو كذلك عميد تقارير الأمن القومي البريطاني. له مقالات منشورة في صحيفة الجارديان عن شؤون الأمن والدفاع، وكان محرر قطاع الأمن لدى الصحيفة لثلاث عقود.

Available in
EnglishSpanishPortuguese (Brazil)GermanItalian (Standard)Arabic
Author
Richard Norton-Taylor
Translators
Mohamed Omer and ProZ Pro Bono
Date
07.10.2024
Source
Original article🔗
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