War & Peace

Starmer vincula el arsenal nuclear de Reino Unido a Washington permanentemente

Exclusiva: Con la silenciosa reescritura de un tratado transatlántico, el armamento nuclear británico ahora dependerá para siempre de lxs científicxs militares de EE. UU.
Como consecuencia de la vinculación permanente entre el arsenal nuclear británico y EE. UU., el Partido Laborista ha reforzado sus lazos con Estados Unidos. El Acuerdo de Defensa Mutua (MDA, por sus siglas en inglés) se ha modificado para eliminar la supervisión y el debate parlamentarios sobre políticas extranjeras y de defensa relacionadas con el programa nuclear.

El Partido Laborista ha reforzado su relación especial con Washington al acordar que el arsenal nuclear británico dependa de EE. UU. permanentemente.

En una de sus primeras, aunque discretas, acciones de política exterior, el partido ha modificado el Acuerdo de Defensa Mutua (MDA) de Eisenhower de 1958, el cual es crucial para Trident, el sistema de misiles nucleares británico.

Lxs funcionarixs eliminaron la antigua cláusula de expiración que requería su renovación cada 10 años.

Según un memorándum firmado por el secretario de defensa, John Healey, se eliminaron todas las referencias a una fecha de expiración para hacer que el MDA fuera duradero en su totalidad y asegurar una cooperación continua con EE. UU.

Kate Hudson, de la Campaña para el Desarme Nuclear (CND, por sus siglas en inglés) le dijo a Declassified: “Esto es un adiós hasta a la más mínima noción de responsabilidad parlamentaria respecto de las políticas extranjeras y de defensa de Reino Unido”. 

Añadió que el Parlamento ha tenido, al menos nominalmente, la oportunidad de debatir y reconsiderar el papel de Estados Unidos en el programa nuclear británico una vez por década.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

“Esta enmienda, introducida de la forma más antidemocrática por parte del gobierno —en un momento en que se la perderá de vista en la temporada de receso y conferencias de los partidos—, erradicará estas oportunidades. Esto no debe quedar impune”.

Lxs altos funcionarixs británicxs y estadounidenses acordaron el cambio el 25 de julio, tres semanas después del nombramiento de Keir Starmer como primer ministro británico.

Esto se llevó a cabo después de que Starmer describiera el armamento nuclear británico como los cimientos de la defensa del país en medio de la preocupación por las posibles amenazas al futuro del MDA si Donald Trump volviera a la Casa Blanca.

Durante una visita a Washington poco antes de las elecciones generales, David Lammy, el actual secretario de Estado para relaciones exteriores, dijo a un grupo de expertos de centro derecha que el Partido Laborista: “Siempre colaborará con Estados Unidos, en cualquier circunstancia…”

El MDA permite que EE. UU. provea a Reino Unido materiales para armas nucleares y conocimientos sin los que Trident no podría operar. 

Esto desmiente las declaraciones del Ministerio de Defensa sobre la independencia operacional del arsenal nuclear británico lanzado en submarino.

El cliente estadounidense

Los propios misiles Trident se obtuvieron de Estados Unidos y un informe de todos los partidos ha concluido que la esperanza de vida de la capacidad nuclear de Reino Unido sin el apoyo de EE. UU. podría calcularse en meses.

Los presidentes estadounidenses también aludieron a esta dependencia cuando George W. Bush dijo en 2005 que Estados Unidos ha ayudado a Reino Unido a mantener una “fuerza nuclear creíble”.

Barack Obama declaró que el interés de Estados Unidos era seguir ayudando a Reino Unido a “mantener un freno nuclear creíble” cuando se renovó el MDA hace 10 años.

Según lo  publicado por Declassified recientemente, las aeronaves militares británicas cruzan el Atlántico a menudo con ingredientes extremadamente radioactivos provistos por EE. UU. Estos ingredientes son completamente cruciales para el sistema de misiles Trident. 

El memorándum firmado por Healey expone que: “El MDA suministra los requisitos necesarios para el control y la transmisión de tecnología de propulsión nuclear submarina e información atómica y material entre Estados Unidos y Reino Unido, así como la transferencia de componentes no nucleares a Reino Unido”.

Y añade: “El MDA respalda la relación de defensa nuclear entre Reino Unido y Estados Unidos”.

Por encima de la democracia

El memorándum también expone que la enmienda no requiere modificaciones a la ley. Aunque el MDA se ha incorporado en la legislación estadounidense, éste no tiene ninguna base reglamentaria en Reino Unido. 

Sorprendentemente, a pesar de su gran importancia, nunca ha sido el tema de un debate significativo en el Parlamento.

El Gobierno sostiene  que el MDA cubre el intercambio de información sobre “tecnología nuclear sensible” para desarrollar “planes de defensa” y “aplicaciones militares de energía atómica”.

Otros aspectos incluyen la evaluación de “las capacidades de enemigos potenciales en el empleo de armas atómicas”.

También concierne a la venta de “plantas de propulsión nuclear marina” y a la transferencia de materiales como el uranio enriquecido U-235.

No obstante, en repetidas ocasiones los gobiernos han rechazado revelar información sobre cuánto material nuclear para cabezas explosivas británicas ha suministrado EE. UU. a las fábricas de cabezas explosivas del Establecimiento de Armamento Atómico en Aldermaston y Burghfield, ni a qué coste.

La cantidad posiblemente sea significativa. Cerca de 1000 componentes no nucleares para sistemas de armas atómicas se han intercambiado entre EE. UU. y Reino Unido del 2020 al 2023 en el marco del MDA, según una nueva investigación del Servicio de Información Nuclear.

La portavoz del Ministro de Defensa dijo que la eliminación de la cláusula de renovación de cada 10 años se llevó a cabo “debido a la naturaleza duradera de este acuerdo”. Añadió que hacer que el MDA sea “duradero” en su totalidad ha sido “el caso de otros acuerdos internacionales”.

Peter Burt, de Nukewatch UK, que monitoriza el programa de armamento nuclear de Reino Unido comentó: “Desde la Segunda Guerra Mundial, todos los primeros ministros de Reino Unido han estado aterrorizados por perder influencia ante los EE. UU. y, en gran parte, esto depende del acceso a la tecnología de armamento nuclear e inteligencia militar.

Esta es la principal razón por la que el Gobierno británico siempre se adapta a la política extrajera estadounidense y se permite a sí mismo ahogarse en la temeridad política militar de EE. UU., incluso cuando seguir a Estados Unidos claramente no se alinea con los intereses de este país”.

Richard es editor, periodista, dramaturgo y decano de los informes sobre seguridad nacional británica. Escribió para el periódico The Guardian sobre asuntos de defensa y seguridad y fue el editor de seguridad del periódico durante tres décadas.

Available in
EnglishSpanishPortuguese (Brazil)GermanItalian (Standard)Arabic
Author
Richard Norton-Taylor
Translators
Cabe Rodriguez and Fabian Aruquipa
Date
07.10.2024
Source
Original article🔗
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